Race and ethnicity in the United States Census Essay

The media is an industry where the opposition is exceptional and it has been utilized by the administration people, associations, establishments, society, and family and so forth for different purposes. In any case, because of the expanding rivalry in the business, numerous now and again the capacities and obligations which the media owes to the general public are altogether disregarded. There are different elements of the media some will be talked about later on in this paper. The point of the media has to a frightfully huge degree moved from satisfying its jobs to the general public, rather their emphasis is frequently on how much amusement they can offer to their crowd and how much cash they can make and how rapidly they can make it. Amusement and cash making is certainly key in the presence, endurance and development of this industry, all things considered, this ought not be accomplished by improperly depicting a group’s character in any structure. Meaning OF KEY TERMS Construction †To make or make, by assembling thoughts, parts or contentions. Gathering Identity †This alludes to a person’s feeling of having a place with a gathering. Media-Are correspondence channels through which news, diversion, training, information or special messages are dispersed. Media incorporates each communicating and limited giving medium such a role as papers, magazines, TV, radio, bulletins, standard mail, phone, fax and web (business word reference, 2015). Hypothetical FRAMEWORK SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY BY TAJFEL and TURNER (1979) This hypothesis was propounded so as to comprehend the mental reasons and reason for between bunch segregation. The segments of this hypothesis goes in this manner: Categorization-This is simply the way toward putting and others into classes, our mental self view is related with the classifications we have a place with. ID †This is simply the procedure by which we partner with specific gatherings of individuals. In any case there are a few gatherings we don’t need to be related to (out gatherings) and there are some we would need to be related to (in gatherings). Correlation This is the procedure through which we contrast our gatherings and different gatherings, along these lines making a positive predisposition towards the gatherings in which we are individuals from. This part of this work will concentrate on two remarkable elements of the media in the midst of the different ones there are. Social legacy work The onus lies on the media to transmit positive racial and ethnic qualities about each current race and ethnic gathering. The demonstration of featuring and highlighting the different negativities of races and ethnic gatherings ought to be kept away from. Observation work This is the obligation the media owes to the general public in coursing news and data when fundamental, the media is answerable for giving data about occasions. THE CONSTRUCTION OF GROUP IDENTITY BY HOLLYWOOD (A STUDY OF THE LATINO RACE) There are five acclaimed races on the planet: 1) Mongoloid (Asian and American Indian) 2) Caucasoid (European) 3) Australoid (Australian and maritime) 4) Negroid (East African dark). 5) Capoid (South African dark) The Latinos could be said to have a place with the Mongoloid race and the greater part of the 315 million individuals who live in the United States of America are either settlers or have heritage to another nation. In undeniable reality, the main genuinely American individuals are the Native ones. This nation depends on the possibility of movement in quest for a superior social and monetary life. As indicated by U. S. Registration Bureau (2012), there are around 52 million Hispanics/Latinos living in the United States, speaking to roughly 16. 7% of the complete populace of United States of America, and making them the nation’s biggest ethnic minority. Among Hispanic subgroups, Mexicans evaluated as the biggest at 63%, trailed by Puerto Ricans (9. 2%), Cubans (3. 5%), Salvadorans (3. 3%), Dominicans (2. 8%), and the staying 18. 2% were Colombians, Guatemalans, Portuguese, Honduras, Ecuadorians, Peruvians, Brazilian. The fundamental purpose behind their relocation has been either that they are politically jeopardized or have monetary issues. For example the Cubans who wound up in America needed to escape from the political conditions in their nation. Getting away from the socialist government rehearsed in Cuba, they were considered as ‘political refugees’ in America for three and a half decades until 1995. Because of America’s restriction to the Cuban government, they were treated in America better than practically some other ethnic gathering. This has additionally been halfway a direct result of their significant level of instruction and polished methodology before movement (Martins, 2006 as observed in Mousavi and Sadeghi, 2013). Latinos, Mexicans specifically, generally live in the Southwest; practically half in California and Texas. Puerto Ricans are for the most part in the East and Cubans are in Florida. As indicated by the U. S. Statistics Bureau, lawful Hispanic family unit pay is just 75 percent of White American pay. There is additionally a high pace of neediness and joblessness among them, and their financial status is at a low level. The reason for this circumstance is mostly their occupations being the least paid ones, their low training level, and business separation (Camarillo and Bonilla, 2001). They are available in the news, notices, political races, political discussions, TV and movies. The normal significant element that is available in these depictions is the issues identified with them that ought to be fathomed and not to be celebrated, overstated or misused by Hollywood. Before now African Americans were bound to be depicted as household laborers in Hollywood. African Americans assumed significant jobs in TV sitcoms, for example, â€Å"Beulah† in the 1950’s and â€Å"Gone with the wind† in 1939. As of late Latinos have progressively supplanted African Americans as Hollywood domestics. Hollywood has introduced a wrong truth of the Latino individuals to the American individuals and to the world everywhere, it has misrepresented a poor picture of this specific race. In spite of the fact that the Latinos who live in America get more tasks to carry out in Hollywood, the vast majority of these jobs are referenced in the following passage. The Latino female is regularly introduced as a seductress, vamp, licentious, wanton, unfaithful, manipulative, of free ethics or agreeable on occasion according to a white male dream, low class, serving the whites. A rundown of Ten Latino Female specialists who have assumed the job of a house cleaner in Hollywood Movies/arrangement. Jennifer Lopez †Maid in Manhattan, 2002 Aida Linares-Clueless, 1995 Lupe Ontiveros-As great as it gets, 1997 (She has played a gauge of 150 house cleaner jobs on TV). Consuela-Family Guy, 2005-till present Nadine Valesquez-My name is Earl, 2005-2009 Paz Vega-Spanglish, 2004 Kate Del Castillo-La misma Luna, 2007 Adriana Barraza-Babel, 2006 Catalina Saavedra, The house keeper, 2009 Roselyn Sanchez, Devious Maids, 2013-till present Pania Ramirez †Devious Maids, 2013 till present THE MEDIA, DIVERSITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE INITIATIVE (MDSCI)’S SIX YEAR STUDY REVEALS SOME STATISTICS. Among the racial and ethnic gatherings concentrated in the Media, Diversity, and Social Change Initiative’s report, discharged August 2014, Latinos made up just 4. 9% of film characters across 100 of 2013’s top-netting films. As per the U. S. Registration Bureau’s gauges, there are around 52 million Latinos in the U. S. starting at July 1, 2011, or simply over 16% of the present U. S. populace. That number is on target to arrive at 132. 8 million †or about 30% of the U. S. populace †by July 1, 2050. LATINOS THAT ARE DEPICTED IN TOP-GROSSING MOVIES ARE MOSTLY NAKED. While the investigation notes that â€Å"Hispanic females (37. 3%) were bound to be highlighted in famous movies than were white females (29. 6%) or Asian females (32%),† Latinas are additionally almost certain than females among any of different gatherings examined (37. 5%, to be exact) to be indicated somewhat dressed or naked on the big screen. LATINOS ARE ALSO HIGHLY LIKELY TO BE SEXUALIZED. The sexualization of Latinos doesn't stop with ladies. Latino men were the most probable among the contemplated gatherings (16. 5%) to be delineated wearing â€Å"tight, appealing or uncovering attire. † DANGERS OF THE NEGATIVE PORTRAYAL OF RACE and ETHNICITY BY THE MEDIA ?Since there is an inclination to accept what is spoken to or delineated by the media; as specific races or ethnic gatherings are frequently contrarily depicted, other people who are not familiar with such gathering of individuals will undoubtedly accept they are really the manner in which the media has introduced them. ? Another risk of negative depictions of race/ethnic gatherings by the media is that the more youthful ones from such gatherings will most likely be unable to see themselves better than the manner in which the media has depicted them. For instance if a race is ceaselessly delineated as a house keeper or as obscene killer the more youthful age of such gatherings may not see anything amiss with being that way and could really wind up as same. ? This specific race have existing difficulties of business, poor instruction; the consistent delineations as such doesn't help tackle these issues, yet just declines them. ?It could be hard for individuals who are contrarily depicted to keep associations with or among different races who are delineated as better than them. THE NOLLYWOOD CONSTRUCT OF ETHNICITY (A STUDY OF THE YORUBA, AND NORTHERN NIGERIANS) The establishing fathers of Yoruba films in Nigeria I. e. Herbert Ogunde, Moses Olaiya (Baba Sala) Based their takes a shot at the productive estimations of the Yoruba ethnic gathering without leaving their crowd engaged. Lately Nollywood has ignored the exchange of social legacy work in the creation of Yoruba films. More frequently than should be expected oppressive proclamations, coming down of condemnations and the innovation of such and knavery has been equal with Yoruba films. The extremely rich Yoruba culture which the world could gain from is regularly being ta

Hezbollah Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hezbollah - Research Paper Example de different moves to support the Shi,ite, these measures incorporates: formation of scholastic foundations and human services establishments and was even pat of the Lebanese National Movement (Norton, 2007). Later this extraordinary pioneer was snatched, he was supplanted by Husayn Husayni during 1979 and later the authority of improving the states of Shi,ites of Lebanon was moved in the hands of Nabih Berri (Harel, 2008). Nabih Berri wound up being a debacle for the Shi,ite Muslims of Lebanon and he squandered all the endeavors made by Amal to help the Shi,ites of Lebanon. Despite the fact that Musa accepted that the territory of Lebanon was a lawful express, different supporters of the Shi’ite populace never accepted that Lebanon was a legitimate state. The side of Shi’ite supporters which didn't accept that Lebanon was a lawful state, held hands together heavily influenced by Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir in Iraq. These people chose to make a secretive gathering and name d it as Hizb al-Da’wa, this gathering was made in Lebanon. There are a few reasons that prompted the making of Hezbollah, one of the explanation of the advancement of this gathering was that when Lebanon appeared during 1943, the Shi’ite Muslim populace felt that they were not considered as a significant piece of the state and they were among the minorities, along these lines they were prepared to acknowledge and concede the making of a gathering that could ensure their privileges (Harik, 2004). The Shi’ite populace had little state in the legislature and their powerless substitute the administration was obvious through the lower number of positions granted to them in the military and the lawful and the official regions of the legislature. During 1946, the coalition of Christian Maronites and the Sunni Muslims had the option to possess 67% of the non military personnel positions inside the legislature and the Shi’ite populace had the option to just involve 3.2% of the all out number of positions (Azani, 2009). During the 80s, Shi’ites populace totalled to fourteen hundred thousand, on the other

Too Many Stars at GCSE

Too Many Stars at GCSE The OE Blog The examination board AQA created a furore this week when they announced a new “super grade” for GCSE examinations; an “A* with distinction”. The grade is initially only due to be introduced in the subject of further maths, but experts have argued that it might quickly pave the way for new super grades in other subjects too, creating an “impossible standard” and leaving even A* students feeling like failures. “Follow My Leader” Buckingham University education expert Professor Smithers pointed out that in the field of education standards one subject is likely to quickly follow another, saying “I am quite sure that young people not taking further maths might want to get an A* with distinction, so it could start a trend”. He warned that the introduction of this “super grade” across the board could have the ironic and damaging effect of “turning the A* into a kind of failure”, as even extremely highly achieving students could be left feeling disappointed if they did not achieve the highest possible mark. “Different Rules” However, a spokesperson for AQA defended the new grade by pointing out that the further maths qualification is distinct from other GCSEs. She stressed that it was subject to “totally different rules” and that there were no plans to introduce the same system for any other GCSE or A Level examinations. But as university admissions procedures become tougher and competition for places rises year after year, there are fears that these sorts of elite “super grades” could be introduced to help top universities like Oxford and Cambridge hand pick the brightest students from thousands of high-achieving candidates. Academic drones However, it might be strongly argued that by selecting only those students who achieve almost 100% in their examinations, elite universities risk recruiting a bright but blinkered group of students whose ability to learn ‘parrot fashion’ and jump through exam hoops may outweigh their academic flair or capacity for individual inspiration. It is often claimed that the students who perform very highly in examinations are actually less original and brilliant than those who take more risks, think outside the box, and still achieve respectable A grades. However perhaps these will no longer be enough to guarantee university entry. Class Prejudice Another concern is that the introduction of extremely demanding elite grades may create further discrimination against pupils from state schools in an already biased system. It is well documented that private school students are better drilled to satisfy the specific assessment objectives of the various examination papers, giving them an extra advantage in a system that places a huge amount of importance on jumping through academic hoops. Bright state school students, on the other hand, are often penalised for a lack of familiarity with the style and format of the exam, even if their intelligence and ability is actually very high. Historically the most elite UK universities have claimed that their rigorous interview process allows them to identify and make allowances for such pupils, but there is a risk that even this concession may be lost if they begin to rely too heavily on constricting elite “super grades” in their selection criteria.

Analysis of Microsoft Financial Statements - 1924 Words

Analysis of Financial Statements Financial statements are frequently a key source of information for financial decisions and taking a look at Microsoft’s financial statements can help us decide certain things about the company. There are three different types of statements that will be discussed in this section. These include: the balance sheet, the income statement, and the statement of cash flows. They are discussed here in either the sense of quarterly or yearly statements and will be noted as so. All information has been derived from Yahoo Finance. (http://finance.yahoo.com) The first statement that will be analyzed for Microsoft is the balance sheet. The balance sheet is essentially a snapshot of what the firm owns†¦show more content†¦The final section of the statement of cash flows is the financing section, which shows the dividends paid, the purchases of stock, the net borrowings, and other possible cash flows from financing activities. A positive trend for investors is the fact that d ividends paid has increased (even though it is negative to the firm) as well as sale purchase of stock, from 2009 to 2011 and even increased quarterly in 2011. The net borrowings is off an on from 2009 to 2011 possibly because of certain funds needed in particular years. In 2009, it was $5,746,000,000 and in 2010, it was $190,000,000. It shot back up again in 2011, with $5,960,000,000. The three statements that were provided in this section provide possible investors, competitors, and even those within the company with useful information to make important decisions that could affect their livelihood or the livelihood of Microsoft. Keep in mind that even though financial statements are a solid indicator of how a company is performing, one key principle about must be known when viewing them to make decisions. They do not always provide all of the information that you may need. There are usually underlying topics that could affect the company that are not necessarily showing up o n their financial statements. These topics are discussed in other sections of this report on Microsoft. We feel it important to compare Microsoft’s ratios not only to other companies and industry norms,Show MoreRelatedFinancial Statement Analysis of Microsoft2220 Words   |  9 Pagesâ…   Introduction Microsoft is a company that is famous for its various products such as the Windows series. The firm is well known and is frequently cited as an example of good management. However, how good is it? As of December 1st, 2007, one share of Microsoft was approximately $33. Every investor would be curious if that price is reasonable. Also, it is too dangerous to rely completely on intuition or rumor when you buy stocks. 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Further, it shows the financial of the company on a particular date and â€Å"it provides a snapshot of a business’ health at a point in time† (Bond, n.d. p. 4). However, the fact that the balance sheet is a snapshot denotes that it is only valid at the time it was createdRead MoreMicrosoft Accounting Strategy1073 Words   |  5 PagesMicrosoft’s Financial Reporting Strategy The case at hand is primarily to discuss the financial reporting strategy adopted by Microsoft Inc. for the period 1996-1999 and the subsequent litigation that arose out of the accounting practice followed by Microsoft. Microsoft’s primary operations has been developing and manufacturing of the software products. As a company, it has shown a very stable growth in terms of revenues and profits, thus enabling better than industry share price increase over

Moving From The United States - 1671 Words

Moving to the United States A crowd of young rebellious men, loud voices shouting for freedom, shells, bombs, grenades, blood, and death; this is where my story started from. There are many changes that can happen in a person’s life. Some changes are very tiny and would not affect your life very much. However, other events could be very important and could change a person’s whole life, such as mine. These big events can cause a change in our lifestyle, personality, and the way we look at things. It can also make us realize the value of things that we did not care about before. My life changing event is when I moved with my family to the United States. I grew up at a city in Syria called Homs. It was a nice small city with very lovely and generous people who got each other backs. We did not have many places to have fun at, but we created the fun for ourselves. I could visit one of my grandparents’ houses and have a sleepover there with my cousins. I could go for a walk with my friends in the great crowded streets, have some desserts and pastries from the most delicious bakery I have ever tried, shop some clothes from the stores that are lined up next to each other, or just sit in a cafà © and have a drink. I had a simple normal life, but many other people did not. A lot of the Syrians suffered from poverty and did not have jobs, but I did not know about these people. We also had a bad regime that was based on bribe and corruption, but I was not aware of it. It all started onShow MoreRelatedMoving To Another Country Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesFive Things to Know About Moving Your Belongings to Another Country If you are moving from the United States to a foreign country with your family, there are several things you need to know about the process. You may have moved before, but leaving the country you reside in to live in another nation is a big move. The following are a few things you need to consider in advance. 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Integrated Marketing Communications Plan Free Essays

INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS PLAN A. ADVERTISING Advertising refers to the paid promotion of goods and services through a sponsoring organization or company. While marketing has the objective to choose markets that have the capacity to purchase a product, Â  advertising, on the other hand, is the paid communication through which relevant information about the product is conveyed to potential consumers (2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Integrated Marketing Communications Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a general sense, the author plans to use advertising in order to be able to impart to interested Christian women aged 13-45 the availability of slots in the Virtuous Woman Pageant. In a way, advertising will also be able to provide critical information regarding the Virtuous Woman Pageant. The author believes that when the advertising campaign for the Virtuous Woman Pageant is achieved effectively, this can lead to an increased interest for Christian women to join the pageant. There are commonly three main objectives of advertisements: (1) conveying relevant information regarding a particular product or service; (2) persuading consumers to purchase the advertised product; and, (3) keep the company under the watchful eyes of the public (2002). But in this particular case, the author plans to mix the elements of all three objectives. Since the Virtuous Woman Pageant is a relatively new event, then it must be supported with informative and persuasive ads. Evaluation of Advertising 1) Advantages The existence of Internet and the continued revolution in the world of Information Technology are certainly positive signs for the successful advertising campaign for the Virtuous Woman Pageant. For instance, the author plans to use Popup ads and email ads as a form of online advertisement. ) Disadvantages In recent years, the public opinion regarding advertising has become very negative. They view it as a medium that only promotes lies. This is of course contrary to the purpose of advertisements to encourage the target market to patronize a particular product or service. Nowadays, most advertisements are either perceived as merely stating opinions or portraying a product or service in a totally distorted idea away from reality. It is his alarming situation regarding the true objectives of advertising that could lead to an increase in the responsibilities that the author and the organizers of the Virtuous Woman Pageant would face. B. PUBLICITY Publicity is a term that is closely related to public relations. While public relations refers to the proper management of all means of communication among the companies and the people involved, publicity, on the other hand, is the careful management of a product or service’s means of communication between the company and the general public. Therefore, it is basically an informative process. However, its main objective is the promotion of products and services being offered by a company. Thus, a publicity plan is being made along the process in order to obtain excellent press coverage for the company’s products (2003). The author and the organizers plan to issue a press release regarding the launching of the Virtuous Woman Pageant, but other methods including Internet releases are in the author’s options. However, in order for these tools and techniques to be effectively utilized by the media, they must be able to generate a great interest from the public. For this to happen, the author and the organizers of the Virtuous Woman Pageant plans to manipulate the press release in order to be a perfect match to the Christian women. The author believes that the most successful publicity releases are often related to topics that the general public can easily relate to. Evaluation of Publicity 1) Advantages The advantages of publicity include having low costs, and its credibility. New technologies such as web cameras and convergence are gradually changing the cost-structure. ) Disadvantages The disadvantages include the lack of control over how the releases will be used, and the accumulation of frustration regarding the low percentage of releases that are being accepted by the media. C. PERSONAL SELLING Sales are an important part of any commercial transaction. The most common approach to personal selling pertains to a systematic process of continuous yet measurable methods in which the person selling describes his offered products or services in such a way that the buyer will be able to visualize ow to benefit from the offered products or services in an economic way. Selling is basically a part of the implementation procedures of marketing. It often forms a particular grouping within a corporate structure, employing independent specialist operatives known as salesmen (2003). The continued interrogation in order to understand a consumer’s goal as well as the establishment of a set of feasible solutions by conveying the necessary information that convinces a buyer to achieve his goal at a reasonable cost is the main responsibility of the sales person. On the other hand, the main objective of professional sales is to be able to know the needs and satisfy the wants of consumers effectively, and therefore convert possible customers into actual and reliable ones (2002). Evaluation of Personal Selling 1) Advantages Some of the distinct advantages that the author sees in the use of personal selling as an IMC tool for the Virtuous Woman Pageant include the immediate access to feedback, the persuasive nature of the endeavor, the option of choosing a target audience for the sales person, and its capability to give detailed information. ) Disadvantages Personal selling may have the tendency to become extremely expensive per exposure, and the gathered information may be different among the sales persons involved. It is a well-known fact that the main objective of selling is to help a consumer achieve his / her goals in a reasonable way. However, this is not always the case. For instance, Christian women can easily be persuaded by outside fac tors to join the Virtuous Woman Pageant that normally does not have any interest to them. Some sales people are being commanded by their mother companies to sell to consumers odd products that they don’t necessarily need. This anomalous behavior is being supported by incentives of sales personnel to increase their total number of sales, incentives from the companies of service providers to sales personnel to sell their products where other similar products offered by competitors are offered, and the incentive to sell a consumer a product that is in need of being wiped out. CONCLUSION The results of the analysis carried out on the proposed IMC tools that would be used for the Virtuous Woman Pageant indicated very significant effects, even amidst the threats of unrest. Therefore, we could conclude that the IMC tools could still be expected to contribute to the successful launching of the Virtuous Woman Pageant. The review of the capabilities and resources of the IMC tools revealed very little inconsistencies regarding the overall strategies. This is coherent with the traditional inside-out approach. However, the need to reconcile both the inside-out and outside-in approaches becomes imperative now for the author and the organizers of the Virtuous Woman Pageant. The analysis among the environment as well as the capabilities of the IMC tools revealed certain gaps, most of which are biased towards the environment. However, these gaps paved the way towards determining a number of recommended strategic options to secure the competitiveness of the IMC tools. Also, the author and the organizers of the Virtuous Woman Pageant has to find a balance between adherence to internal forces within the management and to the changing forces of the environment in order to implement such strategic options Read more: http://ivythesis. typepad. com/term_paper_topics/2009/11/integrated-marketing-communications-plan. html#ixzz29wJi0bUf How to cite Integrated Marketing Communications Plan, Essay examples

The Year 1000 by Lacy and Danziger

Table of Contents Introduction The Authors The Julius Work Calendar Life in the Year 1000 Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The extent of the primitiveness in the first millennium is quite incomprehensible to the current mind. The mind and the environment have radically evolved to the extent that primitive history seems to be very incredible. This essay is going to analyze how life was at the turn of the first millennium in England as portrayed by Lacy and Danziger. The essay will specifically analyze the cultural, religious, economic and social aspects of the Anglo Saxons during the first millennium.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Year 1000 by Lacy and Danziger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Authors Robert Lacey is a British historian while Danny Danziger is a journalist. Robert Lacy knowledge in history and archeology combined with the literary skills of the Danny Danziger forms a good combinat ion for them to qualify to write about the history of the people of England in the first millennium. The Julius Work Calendar This calendar shows the monthly activities of the Anglo Saxons in a period of one year. The calendar depicts economic and religious activities that were strictly observed by the priests and farmers. Lacey and Danziger described the lifestyles of the Anglo Saxons in the format of the Julius Work Calendar by having twelve chapters in the book related to the twelve labor months. Life in the Year 1000 The people who lived in England in first millennium were Anglo Saxons who originated from Germany and they spoke Anglo Saxon, the primitive English. The Anglo Saxons lived a simple daily life since their lives were still under primitive evolution. Lacey and Danziger describes their clothing as â€Å"†¦ they wore the simple, sack-like tunics with leggings that we laugh at in the Monty Python movies, though in colors that was rather less muddy (10). Their clothe s were very simple necessary give them minimal privacy with a range of colors obtained from the vegetables. The Anglo Saxons crudely fasten their clothes with thongs and clasps, since the improvised buttons were yet to be invented and this fastening made their clothes to be relatively heavy. The Anglo Saxons had a very short life span due to high prevalence of the diseases. â€Å"A boy of twelve was considered old enough to swear an oath of allegiance to the king, while girls got married in their early teens, often to men who were significantly older than they were. Most adults died in their forties, and fifty-year-olds were considered venerable indeed† (Lacey Danziger 20). Their short life span explains why girls get married at their teen ages of twelve years while boys went to war as kids was considered to become adults at the ages of twelve years.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e In making their living, Anglo Saxons worked very hard in their agricultural activities so that they can have enough food to feed their increasing population. Archeologically, â€Å"†¦the evidence of arthritis in the bones excavated from Anglo-Saxon graves indicates that most people endured a lifetime of hard manual labor and the Julius Work Calendar shows the different forms which that labor could take† (Lacey Danziger 25). Farming was the major economic activity of the Anglo Saxons because England had appropriate farming landscape and the Julius Work Calendar discretely depicts how the activities of the farming were done all year round. These people tilled their land using a wheeled plough that was drawn by oxen. Lacey and Danziger describes the cultivation process as â€Å"one man to hold the plough, one to walk with the oxen, coaxing and singing and, when necessary, goading the animals forward with a stick: and this created furrows of freshly turned earth, the s ecret of how the soil had been tamed in the course of the previous centuries (30). This formed part of the agrarian revolution in the medieval times. In the matters of sexuality and marriage, sex outside marriage was considered sin. The priests and monks stressed that sex was for procreation only. According to Kleiner and Fenyvesi, â€Å"The band of natural, acceptable sex was very narrow. Sex was to take place in marriage for procreative purposes alone-and always in the missionary position. Too much desire was a sin, as was sex in daylight hours; conjugal relations were also forbidden during menstruation and pregnancy, as well as on Sundays and certain holidays† (5). The sexual lifestyles of Christians were very limited and restricted to the stipulations of the priests and monks. Christians and paganism differed in their perception of sex; hence, women had different roles to play in the matters of sexuality and marriage. For instance, â€Å"a woman whose mate was inattentiv e could take matters into her own hands and whip up a batch of love potion. The sex-starved lass would undress, cover her body with honey, and roll around in a pile of wheat; then she would pick off the grains and grind them into flour used for a bread dough, to be kneaded between her thighs and then baked† (Lacey Danziger 126). The practice shows how women play their role of in sexuality in the making of the medieval aphrodisiac that was used to enhance the sexual ability of the men.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Year 1000 by Lacy and Danziger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The religion of the Anglo Saxons had the elements of Christian and pagan origin. They greatly revere the portraits and figures of the saints. They draw and relate to the experiences of the saints such as â€Å"Simeon Stylites, the fifth-century hermit who spent much of his life living naked on top of increasingly high pillars , or learning from the life of Mary of Egypt, the patron saint of fallen women† (Lacey Danziger 150). Every morning, people go to their respective monasteries and offer supplication of according the saints’ figures that are assigned each day and they believed that they could attend to their worries and troubles. The monks spend their lives in the monasteries preaching according to the Julius Work Calendar by reciting the monthly festivals of the saints. The eating habits of the Anglo Saxons were still primitive as â€Å"a dinner guest was expected to bring own carving knife† (Kleiner and Fenyvesi 8) to the festival where the main meals were mutton, beef, poultry and pork supplemented with the greens and honey. They also fed on snails to improve their health status. The kinds of the diets that they took reflect their health status that lead to the rapid population growth during the medieval times. Conclusion The human existence today is based on the primitive evo lution of the lifestyles from time immemorial. The lifestyles of the Anglo Saxons in the first millennium as depicted by Lacey and Danziger were too primitive as compared to the present British people and even the world population. Humanity has endured the harsh conditions of life but has evolved with time with the objective of attaining the perfection in terms of the quality of life and living. The wisdom, knowledge and skills we have today will enable us face future challenges as the Anglo Saxons did during the first millennium.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Kleiner, Carolyn Fenyvesi, Charles. â€Å"Life Culture† U.S. News World Report, 1999. Web. Lacey, Robert Danziger, Danny. â€Å"The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium: An Englishman’s World.† 2000. Web. This essay on The Year 1000 by Lacy and Danziger was written and submitted by user Aden Terrell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

My Little Bit Of Country Essay Essays

My Little Bit Of Country Essay Essays My Little Bit Of Country Essay Essay My Little Bit Of Country Essay Essay My Little Bit of Country As humans we are always haunting the feeling of belonging. Not only the feeling of belonging to someone we love, but also figuring out the place where we feel home and safe. The feeling of belonging clarifies the ideal lifestyle for every individual. Some people find the feeling of belonging in a small suburb surrounded by an untamed nature. Others belong to a life surrounded by millions of people and skyscrapers. Once again, the feeling of belonging is a mindset that makes us value different kinds of lifestyles a feeling that makes us diverge from each other. In the essay My Little of Country (2012) written by Susan Cheaper, the thoughts about living and belonging to the city-life are being divulged to the reader. The essayist is arguing from her point of view of living her ideal life in the big city. Throughout, the essay is composed from a strict personal point of view. The personal point view and form of argumentation is being clarified from the beginning by the title My Little Bit of Country. The essay is following a chronological structure and is composed of two sections. The first section is representing the past where Cheaper is recalling old memories from her holding in New York City. The old memories of New York City are loaded with positive feelings, which appeals to the readers emotions. My earliest memories are of summer mornings in Central Park with my father after he came home from fighting World War II (P. L -l. 1-4). By the use of this as an opening line, and the mentioning of her father fighting in World War II it clarifies her feelings, and the strong importance of the memories from the big city creates sympathy from the beginning. Susan Cheaper starts off in the first section by comparing herself with a yak rapped in the Central park Zoo. Something about him suggested a great acceptance of the world in which he found himself so far from his snowy native mountains and bubbling brooks (p 1. I. 24-27). By using the yak as an example to amplify her feelings and the situation when she is forced to go living on the country with her parents her feeling of belonging in the city gets clarified. The use of an animal that is locked up in a place it does not belong to, appeals again to the readers emotions. Susan Achievers argumentation is build up with a unilateral positive opinion f the city-life supported by the use of negatively and positively loaded contrasts. The contrasts illustrate her strong opinion of her ideal life in the city and the differences between the life in the country and in the city. The city is stated as a place Of dreams -? a safe place to be a place where pieces Of nature also exist. Later in my life I heard Andy Warhol say that it was better to live in the city than the country because in the city he could find a little bit of country, but in the country there was no little bit of city (p. 3 -? l. 40 -149). Susan Cheaper arguments that the city contains the best of both sides, and by that she refers to Central park and The Central Park Zoo as the pieces of nature. In the same time this quotation also amplifies the meaning of the essays title, and how she feels that the city contains everything she needs to contain a successful life. People often associate the nature with an idyllic and peaceful place where people escape to when things get rough, but in Susan Cheaper s essay nature and country are depicted with an ironic attitude. When we went to visit my parents friends who had already made the move to Westchester or New Jersey, the so-called idyll of suburbia seemed a shabby comedown from Central Park (p. 2- l. 105-110). In the same way Cheaper uses negatively loaded adjectives to depict the country as a dangerous and rough place to be contrasting to the city. Why would want to scrape around the rough, dangerous ice of a country lake when I could glide around the smooth ice (p. 2- I. 115-117). The last section is representing the present. The use of both memories from the past and experiences from the present, amplifies her strong opinions and feelings toward the life on the country and in the city. In the last section Susan Cheaper mentions how great an importance Central Park has had during her life, and how the park has turned into a tradition for special and memorable occasions. For the past fifteen years, on New Years Eve we have we have gone to the Central park Our summer traditions happens on or around my birthday at the end of July (p. 4- l. 142-44 / 159-161). Her use of contrast, her unilateral opinions and experience-argumentation that appeals to the readers feelings, depicts the mindset Of most modern people who lives their lives in the big city. In todays socio most modern people no longer associate the country and the nature with a place where the human being belong. Still belonging to either the lifestyle in the city or on the country is an individual feeling and choice. Furthermore it is a statement that the modern society a result of the arbitration has made great changes to the human mindset and values in life. The modern people have now adapted to the life in the big cities surrounded by millions of people and grey skyscrapers that either makes us feel more powerful and successful or small, alienated and alone in a big city as New York.

The Death of Emperor Montezuma

The Death of Emperor Montezuma In November of 1519, Spanish invaders led by Hernan Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan, the capital city of the Mexica (Aztecs). They were welcomed by Montezuma, the mighty Tlatoani (emperor) of his people. Seven months later, Montezuma was dead, possibly at the hands of his own people. What happened to the Emperor of the Aztecs? Montezuma II Xocoyotzà ­n, Emperor of the Aztecs Montezuma had been selected to be Tlatoani (the word means speaker) in 1502, the maximum leader of his people: his grandfather, father and two uncles had also been tlatoque (plural of tlatoani). From 1502 to 1519, Montezuma had proven himself to be an able leader in war, politics, religion, and diplomacy. He had maintained and expanded the empire and was lord of lands stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Hundreds of conquered vassal tribes sent the Aztecs goods, food, weapons, and even slaves and captured warriors for sacrifice. Cortes and the Invasion of Mexico In 1519, Hernan Cortes and 600 Spanish conquistadors landed on Mexicos Gulf coast, establishing a base near the present-day city of Veracruz. They began slowly making their way inland, collecting intelligence through Cortes interpreter/mistress Doà ±a Marina (Malinche). They befriended disgruntled vassals of the Mexica and made an important alliance with the Tlaxcalans, bitter enemies of the Aztecs. They arrived in Tenochtitlan in November and were initially welcomed by Montezuma and his top officials. Capture of Montezuma The wealth of Tenochtitlan was astounding, and Cortes and his lieutenants began plotting how to take the city. Most of their plans involved capturing Montezuma and holding him until more reinforcements could arrive to secure the city. On November 14, 1519, they got the excuse they needed. A Spanish garrison left on the coast had been attacked by some representatives of the Mexica and several of them were killed. Cortes arranged a meeting with Montezuma, accused him of planning the attack, and took him into custody. Amazingly, Montezuma agreed, provided he be able to tell the story that he had voluntarily accompanied the Spanish back to the palace where they were lodged. Montezuma Captive Montezuma was still allowed to see his advisors and participate in his religious duties, but only with Cortes permission. He taught Cortes and his lieutenants to play traditional Mexica games and even took them hunting outside of the city. Montezuma seemed to develop a sort of Stockholm Syndrome, in which he befriended and sympathized with his captor, Cortes: when his nephew Cacama, lord of Texcoco, plotted against the Spanish, Montezuma heard of it and informed Cortes, who took Cacama prisoner. Meanwhile, the Spanish continually badgered Montezuma for more and more gold. The Mexica generally valued brilliant feathers more than gold, so much of the gold in the city was handed over to the Spanish. Montezuma even ordered the vassal states of the Mexica to send gold, and the Spaniards amassed an unheard-of fortune: it is estimated that by May they had collected eight tons of gold and silver. Massacre of Toxcatl and Return of Cortes In May of 1520, Cortes had to go to the coast with as many soldiers as he could spare to deal with an army led by Panfilo de Narvaez. Unbeknownst to Cortes, Montezuma had entered into a secret correspondence with Narvez and had ordered his coastal vassals to support him. When Cortes found out, he was furious, greatly straining his relationship with Montezuma. Cortes left his lieutenant Pedro de Alvarado in charge of Montezuma, other royal captives and the city of Tenochtitlan. Once Cortes was gone, the people of Tenochtitlan became restless, and Alvarado heard of a plot to murder the Spanish. He ordered his men to attack during the festival of Toxcatl on May 20, 1520. Thousands of unarmed Mexica, most of the members of the nobility, were slaughtered. Alvarado also ordered the murder of several important lords held in captivity, including Cacama. The people of Tenochtitlan were furious and attacked the Spaniards, forcing them to barricade themselves inside the Palace of Axaycatl. Cortes defeated Narvaez in battle and added his men to his own. On June 24, this larger army returned to Tenochtitlan and was able to reinforce Alvarado and his embattled men. Death of Montezuma Cortes returned to a palace under siege. Cortes could not restore order, and the Spanish were starving, as the market had closed. Cortes ordered Montezuma to reopen the market, but the emperor said that he could not because he was a captive and no one listened to his orders anymore. He suggested that if Cortes freed his brother Cuitlahuac, also held prisoner, he might be able to get the markets to reopen. Cortes let Cuitlahuac go, but instead of reopening the market, the warlike prince organized an even fiercer attack on the barricaded Spaniards.   Unable to restore order, Cortes had a reluctant Montezuma hauled to the roof of the palace, where he pleaded with his people to stop attacking the Spanish. Enraged, the people of Tenochtitlan threw stones and spears at Montezuma, who was badly wounded before the Spanish were able to bring him back inside the palace. According to Spanish accounts, two or three days later, on June 29, Montezuma died of his wounds. He spoke to Cortes before dying and asked him to take care of his surviving children. According to native accounts, Montezuma survived his wounds but was murdered by the Spanish when it became clear that he was of no further use to them. It is impossible to determine today exactly how Montezuma died. Aftermath of Montezuma's Death With Montezuma dead, Cortes realized that there was no way he could hold the city. On June 30, 1520, Cortes and his men tried to sneak out of Tenochtitlan under cover of darkness. They were spotted, however, and wave after wave of fierce Mexica warriors attacked the Spaniards fleeing over the Tacuba causeway. About six hundred Spaniards (roughly half of Cortes army) were killed, along with most of his horses. Two of Montezumas children - which Cortes had just promised to protect - were slain alongside the Spaniards.  Some Spaniards were captured alive and sacrificed to the Aztec gods. Nearly all of the treasure was gone as well. The Spanish referred to this disastrous retreat as the Night of Sorrows. A few months later, reinforced by more conquistadors and Tlaxcalans, the Spanish would re-take the city, this time for good. Five centuries after his death, many modern Mexicans still blame Montezuma for poor leadership which led to the fall of the Aztec Empire. The circumstances of his captivity and death have much to do with this. Had Montezuma refused to allow himself to be taken captive, history would most likely have been very different. Most modern Mexicans have little respect for Montezuma, preferring the two leaders who came after him, Cuitlahuac and Cuauhtà ©moc, both of whom fought the Spanish fiercely. Sources Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. . Trans., ed. J.M. Cohen. 1576. London, Penguin Books, 1963. Hassig, Ross. Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988. Levy, Buddy. New York: Bantam, 2008. Thomas, Hugh . New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 46

Reaction paper - Essay Example They had cultural loyalty and were considered as underclass (Gonzalez 98). Puerto Ricans, on the other hand, went mainstream. They fully assimilated into the Central American culture. However, they were also considered as underclass. The government policies in Central America made it easy for the Puerto Ricans to adapt to their culture since they were their protectorate (Gonzalez 114). However, the policies in the Caribbean were much harder for them to adapt because of harsh government policies. The population profile and community structure of the Caribbean population was that they lived in isolation. This is due to the fact that they chose to remain loyal to their culture (Gonzalez 116). The population profile and community structure of the Central American population was that they lived in harmony. The reception of the Caribbean migration made them economically marginalized and politically disenfranchised. They were also considered as underclass individuals, who did everything that the underclass did (Gonzalez 120). The Puerto Ricans maintained their class since the United States declared them a protectorate, unlike the Caribbean population who where detached from the labor

Why student athletes should be drug tested Essay

Why student athletes should be drug tested - Essay Example According to ESPN, the University of Oregon has decided to implement drug tests for its athletes on random basis right after a research conducted by ESPN proved that football teams that play at University level have forty to sixty percent of the total players who are involved in the act of abusing marijuana (ESPN, 2012). Similar kind of random and announced drug activities have been implemented by several universities. These tests have gained immense amount of criticism as these tests have failed to achieve the objective for which these tests were being conducted and have ended up being counter productive. These tests have been criticized because these tests do not reduce drug abuse, these tests can result in loss of trust and these tests are against individual’s constitutional rights. The drug tests conducted on random basis among athletes are conducted because educational institutes believe that these tests will decrease the probability of athletes using drugs and since athl etic students are popular, other students will follow their lead. The universities even believe that students will fear the tests and due to the fear that these results will be informed to parents, athletic students will not abuse drugs. Two studies conducted during 2003 reported that drug tests never reduce consumption of drugs and these tests may lead to increase in consumption.

Why We Should Read Great Literature :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Why We Should Read Great Literature In Western culture, many literary works have been set apart from the rest by being termed great literature. What qualifies a work to be great literature, and why should we read it? An excellent source on this topic is Mortimer Adler, one of the premier American philosophers of the twentieth century and founder of the famous Great Books List. According to Adler, all great literature meets three criteria: the work is pertinent to contemporary life, is worth rereading, and contains "great ideas." Six of these "great ideas," defined by Adler, are three great ideas by which we judge--truth, goodness, and beauty--and three great ideas by which we live--equality, liberty, and justice. The ideas of justice, responsibilities of a society, responsibilities of the individual, nature of disobedience, and the oppression of people are all great ideas by which we live. All writers must possess strength if they are to faithfully address these great ideas. According to Anne Perez, in "Experiences of the Great Books," the great writers "dared to be creative in societies that were not always receptive to such courage." Great literature is relevant to human problems in every century, not just twentieth-century problems or problems exclusive to the time in which the work was written. In other words, great literature has stood the test of time. It still influences our beliefs and ideas, shaping our civilization. A great literary work must also have complexities. According to Adler, a great book has many meanings. This explains why all great literature is worth rereading. A good book with no more than one meaning need only be read once. In addition to Adler's criteria, great literature addresses two important issues: what is truth and how do we know it? Each work, writes Perez, has vastly different "truths" ranging from aspects of art, to matters of religion, to types of government. What each writer must do is convince his or her audience that s/he has found some way to determine truth. In conclusion, great literature has the following characteristics: it is relevant to contemporary life, it is worth rereading, and it should contain certain great ideas.

Approach to Hr Data Collection, Storage and Usage

X's APPROACH TO HR DATA COLLECTION, STORAGE AND USAGE Within X data is being collected in a systematic approach of set guidelines. Subsequently stored and made easily available to all relevant people. Reasons why X collets HR data X needs to keep certain information in order to: satisfy legal requirements provide relevant information in decision making and for consultation requirement record contractual arrangements and agreements keep contact details of employees provide documentation in the event of a claim against the organisation The most important reason for collecting the HR data is to meet the legal requirement. In case of Government Department (e. g. Inland Revenue) demanding information on the number of employees, how many hours they work, their salaries etc X is obliged to provide these data. Furthermore, HR records contain information that can protect the organisation from claims (employee discriminated against or unfairly dismissed). Mainly though the HR data is collected in order to enable the organisation to make decisions related to the organisation and/or employees e. . human resources planning. †¦ Types of data that is collected within the X and how it supports the HR practice Within X there are many different types of data which is collected. Generally these fall into the following 3 ranges: employee records, company data and statutory records. Personal data is a type of data which consist of the following information: employee name, address, telephone number, next of keen etc. It enables H R to contact employees in case of last minute changes (over the phone) or any contractual changes (letters). Payroll data consist of a ‘basic pay’ and any ‘additional payments’. It allows HR to e. g. identify who is due for annual increment (X policy) through pay history monitoring as well as incorporate additional payments to the basic (contractual) salary e. g. honorarium or simply monitor number of employees with salaries over ? 40,000. Most importantly it facilitates employees’ salaries to be paid accordingly. Time data consist of absences (annual leave, sickness, maternity etc), attendances and time quotas. Employee absence is a significant cost to the business. Therefore, this type of data is mainly used by HR in order to manage absence effectively by accurate measurement and monitoring. Methods of storing records and its benefits There are two different types of storing data within X: automated and manual. Filling cabinets or reference book/diaries these are manual methods of storing HR records. Traditionally, filing cabinets are an effective tool for document storage as they provide users with visual prompts and tangible information. They are in a way a buck-up for all the automated types of storing data, which can be affected by a virus or an electrical failure. In the purpose of the legal actions employer is obliged to provide the originals of the employment contracts/ accident record books and other personnel records. Otherwise the employer must explain what happened to the original document along with the ‘statement of truth’. The Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) is one of many automated methods of storing records within X. It is a reporting tool integrated with SAP HR that lets you request reports from inside Structural Graphics, which benefits the organisation: better analysis leading to more effective decision making higher accuracy of information/report generated more transparency in the system in higher speed of retrieval and processing of data reduction in duplication of efforts leading to reduced cost ease in classifying and reclassifying data fast response to answer queries improved quality of reports better work culture establishing of streamlined and systematic procedure mployee – Self Management UK legislation relating to the recording, storage and accessibility of HR data The most important UK legislation relating to the recording, storage and accessibility of HR data is Data Protection Act 1998. According to this act any data-user has to comply with a set of principles, which were designed to protect individuals from the misuse of data. General principles for data to be: fairly and l awfully processed; processed for limited purposes; adequate, relevant and not excessive; accurate and up to date; not kept for longer than necessary; rocessed in line with individuals’ rights; secure; and not transferred to other countries without adequate protection X is a public authority, hence The Freedom of Information Act 2000 plays very important role in data accessibility. Therefore, there are two fundamental rights with regards to the access for any person making a request for information to a public authority. The right: To be informed by the public authority whether or not the information requested is held by the Authority; and To have that information communicated to them Other UK legislations Acts: Limitation Act 1980 The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Statutory Instruments: Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 (SI 2003/2426) The Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Acquisition and Disclosure of Communications Data: Code of Practice) Order 2007 (SI 2007/2197) The Data Retention (EC Directive) Regulations 2009 (SI 2009/859) Directives: Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC Privacy and electronic communications Directive 2002/58/EC

Biography of Jim Fisk, Notorious Robber Baron

Jim Fisk (April 1, 1835–Jan. 7, 1872) was a businessman who became nationally famous for unethical business practices on Wall Street in the late 1860s. He became a partner of the notorious robber baron Jay Gould in the Erie Railroad War of 1867–1868, and he and Gould caused a financial panic with their scheme to corner the gold market in 1869. Fisk was a heavyset man with a handlebar mustache and a reputation for wild living. Dubbed â€Å"Jubilee Jim,† he was the opposite of his sullen and secretive partner Gould. As they engaged in dubious business schemes, Gould avoided attention and avoided the press. Fisk couldnt stop talking to reporters and often engaged in highly publicized antics. It was never clear whether Fisks reckless behavior and need for attention was a deliberate strategy to distract the press and public from shady business deals. Fast Facts: James Fisk Known For: Wall Street speculator and schemer, robber baronAlso Known As: Big Jim, Diamond Jim, Jubilee JimBorn: April 1, 1835 in Pownal, VermontDied: Jan. 7, 1872  in New York CitySpouse: Lucy Moore (m. Nov. 1, 1854–Jan. 7, 1872)Notable Quote: I had everything I hankered after, money, friends, stock, trade, credit, and the best horses in New England. Besides, by God, I had a reputation. There wasnt no man that could throw dirt onto Jim Fisk. Early Life Fisk was born in Pownal, Vermont, on April 1, 1835. His father was a traveling peddler who sold his wares from a horse-drawn wagon. As a child, Jim Fisk had little interest in school—his spelling and grammar showed it throughout his life—but he was fascinated by business. Fisk learned basic accounting, and in his teens he began to accompany his father on peddling trips. As he showed an unusual talent for relating to customers and selling to the public, his father set him up with his own peddler’s wagon. Before long, the younger Fisk made his father an offer and bought out the business. He also expanded, and made sure his new wagons were finely painted and pulled by the best horses. After making his peddler’s wagons an impressive spectacle, Fisk discovered that his business improved. People would gather to admire the horses and wagon, and sales would increase. While still in his teens, Fisk had already learned the advantage of putting on a show for the public. By the time the Civil War began, Fisk had been hired by Jordan Marsh, and Co., the Boston wholesaler from whom he had been buying much of his stock. And with the disruption in the cotton trade created by the war, Fisk found his opportunity to make a fortune. Career During the Civil War In the earliest months of the Civil War, Fisk traveled to Washington and set up headquarters in a hotel. He began entertaining government officials, especially those who were scurrying to supply the Army. Fisk arranged for contracts for cotton shirts as well as woolen blankets which had been sitting, unsold, in a Boston warehouse. According to a biography of Fisk published soon after his death, he may have engaged in bribery to secure contracts. But he took a principled stand in what he would sell to Uncle Sam. Merchants who boasted of selling shoddy merchandise to the troops enraged him. In early 1862 Fisk began to visit areas of the South under federal control to arrange to buy cotton, which was in very short supply in the North. According to some accounts, Fisk would spend as much as $800,000 in a day purchasing cotton for Jordan Marsh, and arranging to have it shipped to New England, where the mills needed it. Battle for the Erie Railroad At the end of the Civil War Fisk moved to New York and became known on Wall Street. He entered into a partnership with Daniel Drew, an eccentric character who had become very wealthy after starting out in business as a cattle drover in rural New York State. Drew controlled the Erie Railroad. And Cornelius Vanderbilt, the richest man in America, was trying to buy up all the railroad’s stock so he could take control of it and add it to his own portfolio of railroads, which included the mighty New York Central. To thwart Vanderbilt’s ambitions, Drew began working with financier Gould. Fisk was soon playing a flamboyant role in the venture, and he and Gould made unlikely partners. In March 1868 the â€Å"Erie War† escalated as Vanderbilt went to court and arrest warrants were issued for Drew, Gould, and Fisk. The three of them fled across the Hudson River to Jersey City, New Jersey, where they fortified themselves in a hotel. As Drew and Gould brooded and plotted, Fisk gave grandiose interviews to the press, strutting about and denouncing Vanderbilt. Over time the struggle for the railroad came to a confusing finale as Vanderbilt worked out a settlement with his adversaries. Fisk and Gould became directors of the Erie. In typical style for Fisk, he bought an opera house on 23rd Street in New York City, and placed the railroad’s offices on the second floor. Gould and the Gold Corner In the unregulated financial markets following the Civil War, speculators like Gould and Fisk routinely engaged in manipulation that would be illegal in today’s world. And Gould, noticing some quirks in the buying and selling of gold, came up with a scheme by which he, with Fisk’s help, could corner the market and control the nation’s supply of gold. In September 1869, the men began working their scheme. For the plot to work completely, the government had to be stopped from selling gold supplies. Fisk and Gould, having bribed government officials, thought they were assured of success. Friday, Sept. 24, 1869, became known as Black Friday on Wall Street. The markets opened in a pandemonium as the price of gold shot up. But then the federal government began to sell gold, and the price collapsed. Many traders who had been drawn into the frenzy were ruined. Gould and Fisk came away unscathed. Sidestepping the disaster they had created, they sold their own gold as the price had risen on Friday morning. Later investigations showed that they had broken no laws then on the books. While they had created panic in the financial markets and hurt many investors, they had gotten richer. Later Years In the years following the Civil War, Fisk was invited to become the leader of the Ninth Regiment of the New York National Guard, a volunteer infantry unit which had become greatly reduced in size and prestige. Fisk, though he had no military experience, was elected colonel of the regiment. As Col. James Fisk, Jr., the unscrupulous businessman presented himself as a public-spirited individual. He became a fixture on New York’s social scene, though many regarded him as a buffoon when he would strut about in gaudy uniforms. Fisk, though he had a wife in New England, became involved with a young New York actress named Josie Mansfield. Rumors circulated that she was really a prostitute. The relationship between Fisk and Mansfield was gossiped about widely. Mansfield’s involvement with a young man named Richard Stokes added to the rumors. Death After a complicated series of events in which Mansfield sued Fisk for libel, Stokes became enraged. He stalked Fisk and ambushed him on a staircase of the Metropolitan Hotel on Jan. 6, 1872. As Fisk arrived at the hotel, Stokes fired two shots from a revolver. One struck Fisk in the arm, but another entered his abdomen. Fisk remained conscious and identified the man who had shot him. But he died within hours, early on Jan. 7. After an elaborate funeral, Fisk was buried in Brattleboro, Vermont. Legacy Fisk reached the zenith of his fame when his scandalous involvement with actress Josie Mansfield played out on the front pages of the newspapers. At the height of the scandal, in January 1872, Fisk visited a hotel in Manhattan and was gunned down by Richard Stokes, an associate of Josie Mansfield. Fisk died hours later. He was 37 years old. At his bedside stood his partner Gould, along with  William M. â€Å"Boss† Tweed, the notorious leader of Tammany Hall, New Yorks political machine. During his years as a New York City celebrity, Fisk engaged in activities which today would be considered publicity stunts. He helped finance and lead a militia company, and he would dress in an elaborate uniform that seemed like something from a comic opera. He also bought an opera house and saw himself as something of a patron of the arts. The public seemed fascinated by Fisk, despite his reputation for being a crooked operator on Wall Street. Perhaps the public liked that Fisk seemed to only cheat other wealthy people. Or, in the years following the tragedy of the Civil War, perhaps the public just saw Fisk as much-needed entertainment. Though his partner, Gould, seemed to have genuine affection for Fisk, its possible that Gould saw something valuable in Fisks very public antics. With people turning their attention to Fisk, and with Jubilee Jim often giving public statements, it made it easier for Gould to fade into the shadows. Though Fisk died before the phrase came into use, Fisk is generally considered, due to his unethical business practices and extravagant spending, an example of a robber baron. Sources â€Å"James Fisk: A Bigger Than Life Figure in the Gilded Age.†Ã‚  United States History.â€Å"Jim Fisk.†Ã‚  American-Rails.com.â€Å"The Murder of Jim Fisk: Vermonts Robber Baron. New England Historical Society, 5 Feb. 2019.